试论工程造价三阶段控制

随着市场经济的发展 ,投资控制的理论和政策已成为工程造价管理上的重要任务和课题。本文主要从工程造价控制的 3个阶段进行了分析 ,提出了相应的控制措施     

白僵菌防治马尾松毛虫试验

在越冬的马尾松毛虫幼虫上树取食期(4月),喷施含孢量110亿/克,活孢率82.9%,施菌量为37.5kg/hm2的白僵菌粉剂后,感染白僵菌的马尾松毛虫,每平方米11.3头,蛹期死亡率42.0%,第二年蛹期死亡率26.1%。在马尾松毛虫下树越冬期(11月),喷施含孢量48亿/克,活孢率76%,施菌量为30kg/hm2的白僵菌粉剂后,越冬期间,马尾松毛虫死亡率32.2%;第二年白僵菌致死率63.3%;第三年白僵菌致死率13.3%。     

The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats

This study analyzed the plasma lipid profile, glucose levels and fat deposits in male rats treated with aqueous extract of gross yerba mate, commercial yerba mate or water. Yerba mate treatment did not change body weight gain and lipid profile. The consumption of gross yerba mate significantly increased blood glucose (6.6 mmol/L) as compared to the water (4.8 mmol/L) and commercial group (5.2 mmol/L) and decreased epididymal and intra-abdominal deposits (10.1 mg/g and 23.7 mg/g of weight) as compared to the water (15.4 mg/g and 36.9 mg/g of weight) and commercial group (12.5 mg/g and 28 mg/g of weight). The results suggest that gross yerba mate reduces fat more efficiently but produces a greater increase in blood glucose when compared to commercial yerba mate and water groups.     

竹笋夜蛾防治试验初报

竹笋夜蛾主要为害淡竹、红竹、哺鸡竹和刚竹,据1988年在安吉县调查,其发生面积达6500亩,有虫株率10～80％,平均为45％。该虫以卵在禾本科、莎草科杂草上越冬,3月上旬幼虫孵化于杂草中取食,4月下旬蛀笋为害。竹林中杂草多少,决定该虫发生和危害程度,1988～1991年,进行了三次以竹林除草为主的防治试验。结果表明,利用百草枯水剂0.2 kg/亩或人工及时除草,防治效果都在90％以上。     

阻隔法防治草履蚧研究

通过对草履蚧[Drosicha corpulenta (kuwana)]进行胶环，毒环，绑扎塑料裙和毒绳等阻隔试验，结果表明，应用废机油加羊羊脂（5:1)进行涂环阻隔防治，效果最好，其粘性持续时间达到80－120d，利用“阻隔法”防治草履介的防治最佳时期应设在草履蚧卵开始孵化至上树前的1月上旬－2月上旬。     

厦门地区草坪主要害虫调查及其防治

1995～ 2 0 0 0年对厦门市草坪害虫进行调查 ,结果表明 :华南 (齿爪 )鳃金龟、华北蝼蛄、小地老虎、粘虫是近年来的主要害虫。文章对 4种主要害虫的生物学特性进行了简要记述 ,并提出了在生产上行之有效的无公害防治方法 ;分析了近年来害虫发生原因、发展趋势及控制害虫发生的对策     

Avoiding edge effects in agroforestry experiments; the use of neighbour-balanced designs and guard areas

A number of different types of edge effects on experimental plots are defined, and it is shown that they are frequently important in agroforestry experiments. Methods of eliminating edge effects, either at the design or the analysis stage, are described. Computer simulations, based on uniformity data, are used to investigate the efficacy of neighbour-balanced designs, with and without neighbour terms, for reducing the problem of neighbour effects between different treatments. It is concluded that, while neighbour-balanced designs may be useful in certain situations or in combination with other methods, it is preferable to eliminate edge effects by using adequate guard rows. Recommendations are therefore made concerning the correct use of guard areas in agroforestry experimentation.     

Economic evaluation of financial and non-financial costs and benefits in agroforestry development and the value of sustainability

Financial appraisal of agroforestry is not different in kind from appraisals applied to pure forestry. Existing techniques for valuing non-market effects may also be applied. Effects on hydrological and carbon fluxes might be less favourable than those of pure forests. In the confusing field of biodiversity valuation too, only limited and specific claims can be made for agroforestry. Amenity valuation techniques developed for trees and woodlands encounter additional problems of interpretation in an agroforestry context. Agroforestry may offer a quantifiable value in short-term sustainability, and might meet recent economic definitions of long-term sustainable development, without encountering the full dangers to future generations embodied in conversion of natural to human capital.     

哈尔滨机场高速公路改性沥青砼面层施工指标的控制

本文以哈尔滨机场高速公路改性沥青砼路面施工为例 ,论述了掺入SBS改性剂的SMA改性沥青砼面层在北方寒冷地区施工技术指标的控制 ,为北方道路工程建设提供了宝贵经验     

Tephrosia species and provenances for improved fallows in southern Africa

Seeking an alternative to Sesbania spp. tree fallows, a Tephrosia species and provenance trial was conducted at Msekera Research Station, Chipata (Zambia) to evaluate eleven Tephrosia vogelii and three Tephrosia candida provenances. They were tested for biomass production, quality of biomass, resistance to root-knot nematodes, nitrogen release, and for their effects on soil nitrogen dynamics. At the end of 1.5 years, the T. candida provenances 02970, 02971 and 02972 from Madagascar produced two times greater amount of aboveground biomass than the T. vogelii provenances. There was little variability among the T. vogelii provenances in terms of litter and biomass production. Weed growth was significantly greater under T. vogelii than T. candida provenances. While Tephrosia vogelii provenance 98/02 from Zambia and T. candida 02972 were highly tolerant to the Meloidogyne incognita nematodes, T. vogelii provenances 02977, 98/03, 02973 from Kenya, Zambia and Malawi, respectively, were highly susceptible to the nematodes. The Tephrosia species and provenances showed a wide variability in terms of N, lignin and polyphenol concentration in their foliage. Mineralization of N in the foliage of T. candida provenances 02970 and 02971 and T. vogelii provenances 98/04 and 02974 from Malawi occurred rapidly within 14 weeks of incubation. At the end of the 2-year growth period, there was significantly greater total inorganic N under T. candida provenance 02972 (12.5 mg kg⁻¹) than T. vogelii (5 mg kg⁻¹) provenance Mungwi 98/02. Maize (Zea mays L.) yields after T. candida provenances were greater than those after T. vogelii provenances. Further testing of the most promising provenances is needed for their effects on subsequent maize yields under a range of farm conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.